University of Adelaide

PARDI commenced in February 2010 and is currently on-track against project milestones.
To date, nine rapid supply chain reviews covering taro, cassava, breadfruit, coconut, pearls, sea cucumber, canarium nut, value added fisheries, and high value timber have been undertaken. A further ten partial reviews have been completed for virgin coconut oil (VCO), sweet potato, vegetables, yam, cocoa, coffee, vanilla, ginger, teak and mahogany.
To ensure integration of consumer and market demands impacting on these chains, we have also undertaken Fiji municipal markets and consumer household surveys, taro consumer preference studies in the Sydney and Auckland markets, and a Vanuatu tourist consumer study on cocoa and canarium nut products.
A further four chains will be assessed over the next few months including; sea cucumber industries (Fiji and Tonga), Mahogany (Fiji), Tamarind (Vanuatu) and participatory based reviews (Vanuatu).
As a consequence of these reviews, an initial four PARDI-funded research projects were commenced in late 2010 and early 2011. Collectively, PARDI now has project-based activities across all target Pacific countries (Fiji [3], Samoa [1], Tonga [3], Solomon Islands [1], Vanuatu [1] and Kiribati [1]). Project details below:
PRA 2010.01 - This James Cook University (JCU) led project is working to increase cultured pearl production capacity and improve quality in the Fiji and Tongan cultured pearl industries.
PRA 2010.02- This University of the South Pacific (USP) led project aims to evaluate and develop new value adding products and technologies for Tilapia and Caulerpa (seaweed spp.) for commercial application in Fiji, Samoa and Tonga.
PRA 2010.04- This Southern Cross University (SCU) led project is undertaking a scoping study associated with the development of village-based training programmes and information sources for better postharvest handling and processing of sea cucumber in Fiji, Tonga and Kiribati.
PRA 2010.03 - A joint PARDI (Solomon Islands and Vanuatu) and ACIAR funded (PNG) project recently started, that aims to develop consumer-driven value-adding strategies and process techniques to support an emerging Canarium nut industry.
Supporting this portfolio are a series of ongoing small research activities (SRA) that include; consumer acceptance of the new taro cultivars, virgin coconut oil (VCO) chain assessment, PARDI Advisory Group operations, how best to create small-holder impacts from PARDI outputs, cocoa chain business case, and strategies for assessing and transferring capabilities.
The PARDI Advisory Group is currently reviewing a further five proposal, these include:
Creating export-orientated breadfruit production in Fiji
Producing high quality taro material in support of re-building Samoan taro exports
Premium market opportunities for smallholder cocoa producers in Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands
Understand the impacts of population dynamics on supply chains
Establishing a series of pilot scale participatory guarantee schemes for vegetables

Much of PARDI's supply-chain driven research projects have only recently commenced. Consequently it is pre-mature to demonstrate research outputs and impacts. Preliminary project-specific activities include:

PRA 2010.01 (Pearls): Pearl farmers and market structure research has been completed for Tonga and Fiji, a project-funded staff (Jamie Whitford) appointed, and initial farmer training commenced. A full-time Fiji-based project scientist was appointed in May 2011.
PRA 2010.02 (value-adding fisheries) Desk-top studies for Fiji, Samoa & Tonga markets, and analysis of chains in Fiji and Samoa have been completed. Work is ongoing for Tonga outer island groups.
PRA 2010.04 (Sea cucumber): Supply and value chains in Fiji and Tonga have been documented. An evaluation of export chains for processed product from Pacific into Asian markets is anticipated shortly. Tonga and Kiribati field trips are ongoing
SRA 2010.01 (Taro consumer study): Taro sensory testing has been completed in Fiji and Auckland markets and a final report completed.

PARDI has completed three training and development initiatives in the Pacific, including a pearl farmer training workshop in Tonga (Nov 2010), survey training for USP students (Dec 2010), and value chain analysis teaching workshop, Vanuatu (May 2011). Further targeted training of fisheries staff is ongoing (PRA 2010.01 and PRA 2010.04).

To ensure effective project communication we have held six coordination workshops, prepared two six-monthly newsletters, and plan to shortly post PARDI research reports on SPC's LRD website.

PARDI has participated in series meetings to establish close links with other current ACIAR and donor-funded activities in the region. Through the assistance of SPC and ACIAR, strong engagement with other ACIAR and EU-funded projects particularly in taro and cocoa are emerging; and with PHAMA in cocoa and canarium nut.
Finally, over the last 6 months the PARDI team has increased by 30 staff. There are presently 51 PARDI research staff; with the possibility of a further 19 staff dependant on the outcome of research proposals reviews.
To ensure pending commissioned projects have sufficient operational time, PARDI has requested and been granted a variation to extend the project completion date to January 2015.

1/6/2010 - 31/5/2011

Activities during this period included literature reviews, field work in oil palm fields and associated landscapes, data assessment for modelling, and communication and training.
For the soil health, nutrient and carbon balance components of the project, field work was carried out in the 'SCAN' and 'Allometrics' experiments. In the 'SCAN' experiment, soil and plant samples were taken at 15 sites in Oro Province (smallholder oil palm planted on grassland at various times in the past) and 2 sites in Hoskins (oil palm planted on ex-forest land). The samples are being prepared for assessment of soil health using analysis of carbon isotopes, nutrient content, pH and microbial diversity. In the 'Allometrics' experiment, relationships between simply measured growth parameters and biomass (above- and below-ground) are being determined so that nutrient and carbon budgets can be estimated during the life of a plantation using the simple measurements. Field data collection was completed for 6-year old palms and is underway for 20-year old palms. An experiment has been planned to quantify nutrient and carbon cycling during the felling-replanting phase of a plantation in Milne Bay, and measurements of 15N natural abundance are underway to estimate N fixation by legume cover crops sampled in Oro and West New Britain.
For the aquatic ecosystem health component of the project, potential study sites were selected; 126 in the Kimbe Bay/Bialla areas and 54 in the Milne Bay/Mullins Harbour areas. Initial impact evaluations were conducted for each study site to support final selection of sites so that they represent the full available range of natural and impact conditions. Key potential sources of impact identified were: riparian forest loss and damage, gravel extraction causing turbidity in rivers, degraded water quality from mill effluent discharge, wastes from small-holder settlement, and direct entry into streams of fertilizer spread on adjacent oil palm. Field studies are now underway at these sites.
For the crop system modelling component of the project, the availability and suitability of oil palm growth data collected by the PNG Oil Palm Research Association (PNGOPRA) in their field trials was assessed. Data chosen for use in model development and testing covers a range of climate, soil and nutrient supply situations. The collection of weather data, an important input into the model, has also commenced. The allometric work described above is also important to the model development as it is required to convert the large datasets of non-destructive measurements into standing biomass and nutrient balances, and to parameterise the various growth processes within the model.
Several scientific and capacity impacts occurred during this period. The project is informing the sustainability-related activities of New Britain Palm Oil Ltd, especially with respect to carbon cycling. The work so far has included extensive involvement of PNGOPRA and Oil Palm Industry Corporation staff as the first stage of their training for the future monitoring work. In addition, Dr Murom Banabas benefitted from leadership training under a John Dillon Fellowship and training in scenario modelling under a Crawford Training Award.
Project activities were communicated to PNG oil palm growers and the wider community through several avenues. Communication with the industry occurred through smallholder 42 field days and several meetings with company and advisory staff. Project staff published 6 scientific papers on sustainability issues in the PNG oil palm industry, and gave 5 interviews published in the media.
Three postgraduate students have been enrolled to contribute to the aims of the project; Rachel Pipai, who is working on nitrogen fixation by legume cover crops (MSc, Uni of Adelaide, John Allwright Fellowship funding); Murray Bower, working on aquatic ecosystem impacts (PhD, James Cook Uni); and Iain Goodrick, working on soil carbon cycling (MSc, James Cook Uni.).
1/1/2010 - 31/5/2010
The project commenced in January 2010, with a workshop in Townsville in which the conceptual basis of the project activities was discussed. Potential indicators have been identified and research activities planned. Field work in PNG commenced in May 2010, when most Australian project staff travelled to PNG. Most of the project work will be carried out in West New Britain (WNB) and Oro Provinces. During the initial field work, staff from the PNG Oil Palm Research Association (OPRA), National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) and Oil Palm Industry Corporation (OPIC) helped develop new methods of sampling plants and soil for carbon balance, nutrient cycling and nitrogen fixation. Through involvement in project meetings, approximately 20 plantation company staff, 35 OPIC officers and 10 smallholder growers became more aware of environmental issues and the project objectives. In addition, through OPRA/OPIC field days, more than 570 smallholder growers became more aware of environmental sustainability issues, together with productivity and social issues.

During 2006, significant progress was made against all project objectives, involving the collaborative efforts of the researchers from the institutes of CCS Haryana Agricultural University (HAU), Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Rice-Wheat Consortium (RWC) and the University of Adelaide (UA), to investigate zero-tillage rice establishment and crop-weed dynamics in rice and wheat cropping systems of India and Australia.

Excellent progress has been made in the development of baseline information required for the successful establishment of direct seeded rice (DSR) as a productive and sustainable alternative to conventional hand-transplanted system. Several field sites (n=35) were established across states of Haryana, Punjab and Bihar. These states geographically provide an excellent cross section of the Indo-Gangetic plains in terms of climatic and productivity status. Consultation amongst principal scientists, researchers and growers from each region, identified local issues to be investigated within the proposed objectives of LWR/2004/033. More specifically, key experimental questions addressed in the first year of the project for DSR systems included (a) direct validation of rice productivity in comparison to hand-transplanted puddle system, (b) identification of optimal rice sowing densities and times, (c) evaluation and suitability of different rice genotypes, (d) identification of weed recruitment/dynamics and potential shifts in weed flora, and (e) development of robust weed management strategies.

Comparative evaluation of DSR against the traditional hand-transplanted system showed a yield depression was associated with zero-tillage establishment in Punjab (20 to 73%), and Bihar (23%) sites, respectively. However, optimising sowing time and seeding rates (40-60 kg/ha) of rice significantly reduced the yield penalty associated with zero-tillage (7%). Data from sites in Punjab and Bihar showed that rice yields were statistically non-significant between DSR and transplanted systems when sowing dates were similar for the systems. The maturity profile (short versus long) of rice cultivars was also shown to be an important characteristic to final yield outcomes and requires further investigation.

In addition, grower field sites (n=17) were established in Haryana to evaluate the performance of basmati and coarse grain rice established under zero-till and puddle transplant systems. Preliminary data is extremely encouraging showing similar yields for Zero-till (2275 to 6800 kg/ha) and traditional puddle transplant systems (2325 to 7625 kg/ha). It is expected that ongoing interaction between the researchers and growers on alternative rice production systems will greatly facilitate the on-farm adoption of DSR.

Emphasis was also placed on identifying suitable rice genotypes for DSR, with rice breeding lines and cultivars sourced from local breeding programs. Several genotypes (n=33) differing in maturity (short, medium & long) and vigour were evaluated under DSR and transplanted systems at sites in Punjab and Bihar. It was encouraging to note that some of the advanced breeding lines produced similar yields under DSR and transplanted systems. However, it is important that these data be revalidated in 2007, to show the effects of seasonal variation on these genotype sowing system responses. In 2007, It is anticipated that additional breeding lines will be sourced from the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and Indian breeding programs and evaluated for suitability under DSR system.

An experiment undertaken in Bihar investigating weed establishment under DSR and transplanted rice showed that final weed densities (grassy, broadleaf and sedges) were similar for the different crop establishment systems (248 to 457 plants/m2). However, a significant shift in the weed spectrum resulted with fewer grassy weeds (48 to 83 plants/m2) establishing in zero-till DSR as compared to the transplanted system (220 plants/m2), respectively. Significant shifts in weed flora under DSR will have important implications for the management and the potential development of herbicide resistance. History has shown that herbicide resistance development (i.e. Phalaris minor) can be a major constraint to the productivity and sustainability of rice-wheat systems in India. Research undertaken as part of project LWR/2004/033 will closely monitor the resistance status of weeds under DSR.

Experiments evaluating different herbicide options for DSR identified useful mixtures (i.e. azimsulfuron + metsulfuron) for the control of broadleaf and sedge weeds (see attached reports). Useful options for controlling grass weeds in DSR were limited; however, herbicide Bispyribac provided excellent control (90%) of Echinochloa crus-galli (Barnyard grass) at sites in Haryana. High levels of weed control obtained with Bispyribac resulted in a 3-7 fold increase in rice yield compared to the weedy controls. Identification of useful herbicides for DSR will continue in 2007.

Data from Australian experimental work was extensive in 2006, with collection of important information on water and nutrient use efficiency in wide-row (WR) cropping under well below average growing season rainfall. In addition, replicated experiments were established investigating the performance and suitability of different crop species and their cultivars to WR cropping. These experiments have identified cultivars showing greater suitability to WR cropping and have consequently been repeated this year. Field experiments were also established investigating weed behaviour and management opportunities in WR cropping. Preliminary data has shown that WR systems appear to be less conducive to the establishment of problematic weeds such as annual ryegrass (ARG). Furthermore, strategic intra- and inter-row herbicide applications were shown to provide high levels of ARG control, and significant crop yield increases. Future research will be undertaken in farmer fields to investigate weed population dynamics under wide-row zero-till cropping systems.

During 2007, significant progress was made against project objectives involving collaborative efforts of researchers from CCS Haryana Agricultural University (HAU), Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Rice-Wheat Consortium (RWC) and the University of Adelaide (UA), to investigate zero-tillage rice establishment and crop-weed dynamics in rice-wheat cropping systems of India and Australia.
During the reporting period excellent progress was made against project milestones in the identification and development of suitable establishment systems for direct seeded rice (DRS) as an alternative to the traditional hand transplanting method. Several field sites (n=35) were established across states of Haryana, Punjab and Bihar. Research activities focused on a) direct validation of DSR establishment systems against traditional hand-transplant technique, b) identification of optimal sowing times and seeding rates, c) evaluation and suitability of different rice genotypes, d) identification of weed recruitment/dynamics and potential shifts in weed flora and e) development of robust weed management systems.
Yield responses for coarse grain and basmati rice types were similar under comparative evaluations of DSR against traditional hand-transplant system at sites across states of Haryana, Punjab and Bihar. At 2 of the 3 sites established across Punjab there was no significant difference in yield between rice establishment systems, only at Kapurthala which has a sodic soil, rice yields were significantly higher (44-85%) in the traditional hand-transplant system. In contrast, rice established under zero-tillage at PUSA, Bihar, yielded significantly more grain (9-39%) than the traditional hand-transplant system. Similarly, higher yields were obtained with zero-tillage machine transplanted (8.3 t/ha) rice than the conventional puddled transplanted (7.5 t/ha) treatment at Kurukshetra research station, Haryana.
In addition, grower field sites (n=6) were established in the states of Haryana and Punjab to evaluate the performance of basmati and coarse grain rice established under DSR and puddle transplant systems. The results from grower fields in Haryana have been extremely encouraging with similar yields under DSR Basmati (2.6-2.9 t/ha) and the traditional puddle transplant system (2.4-3.1 t/ha). Preliminary results from sites in Punjab were also encouraging with yields in excess of 7.9 t/ha under DSR. Grower feedback from these results has been extremely positive, with some growers planning to investigate DSR on a larger scale in 2008. Furthermore, continual interaction between researchers and growers on alternative rice production systems is expected to greatly enhance on-farm adoption of DSR.
Experiments undertaken in Punjab and Bihar investigating optimal rice sowing densities and time clearly showed that yields were maximised for DSR when it was sown on the same day as nursery sowing for the transplant system, and when seeding rates were maintained at between 45-60 kg/ha (150 plants/m2). Furthermore, increased seeding rates were also shown to greatly improve the rice crops competitiveness with weeds such as Echinochloa and Panicum spp., resulting in significant reductions in weed growth (33-35%) and improved crop yields (27-62%).
For the second year, experiments were undertaken in Punjab and Bihar to assess the performance of several rice genotypes (n=44) under DSR and comparative puddle transplant systems. The evaluation consisted of rice breeding lines, hybrids and cultivars, sourced from International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and local Indian breeding programs. It was encouraging to see that several of the advanced lines, produced similar yields under DSR and transplant system. Breeding line 17A/R10, sourced from IRRI performed well under DSR (5.7 t/ha) in comparison to transplant system (5.2 t/ha) at PAU. Furthermore, hybrid genotypes evaluated in Bihar performed particularly well under DSR producing some of the highest grain yields (4.6-5.6 t/ha) in the study. The performance of basmati genotypes under DSR in Bihar is also noteworthy, with 5 of the 7 genotypes evaluated under this system producing equivalent yields to the puddle transplant system. It is anticipated that further genotype screening will occur in 2008, with additional breeding lines sourced from IRRI and local Indian breeding programs.
An experiment undertaken in Haryana, investigating weed establishment under puddled and unpuddled DSR and transplanted rice showed significant shifts in weed spectrum (grassy, broadleaf & sedges) under different crop establishment systems. Clear associations were found with Echinchloa, Leptochloa and Fimbristylis spp. showing greater establishment under DSR in comparison to the transplant system. Furthermore, there was greater establishment of Echinochloa under puddled conditions and Leptochloa under unpuddled conditions. In contrast, Cyperus difformis which is a sedge showed clear preference for the unpuddled transplant system. These clear differences in weed spectrum with the different rice establishment systems require further investigation. Studies are needed to investigate the effect of crop establishment system on the behaviour of weed seedbank. In June 2008, it is anticipated that studies on weed seedbank behaviour will be undertaken following a visit from the Australian project research officer (PRO) based in Adelaide.
Useful herbicide options identified in 2006 for controlling weeds in DSR (i.e. azimsulfuron and bispyribac) were evaluated further at sites in Haryana, Punjab and Bihar. Research focused on optimising herbicide application rates, timing and mixtures. Herbicide bispyribac continued to provide excellent control of grass (Echinochloa spp.) and sedge weeds (Cyperus spp.) at sites across all 3 states. This herbicide was particularly effective when applied at higher rates (25-30 g/ha) and early application timings (15-20 DAS). However, in an on-farm study at Kolhar bispyribac provided effective control of E. crusgalli even at the panicle emergence stage of the weed. Azimsulfuron provided effective control of broadleaf weeds, particularly when used in combination with metsulfuron. Importantly, there appears to be good selectivity with these herbicides in rice, with high levels of weed control resulting in increased grain yield. Further evaluation of these herbicides is planned for 2008.
Experiments undertaken in Australia provided second year of comprehensive data on water and nutrient use-efficiency in wide-row (WR) cropping. In addition, experiments evaluating the suitability of different crop species and their cultivars to WR were repeated. In 2007, additional crop types canola and chickpeas and their cultivars (n=6) were included for evaluation under WR systems. These experiments have been extremely useful in identifying cultivars with greater suitability to WR systems. Furthermore, positive results from these trials have prompted significant interest amongst the farming community with some growers adopting WR for the first time. Field experiments were also undertaken to investigate weed behaviour and management under WR. Results have again shown that WR systems significantly reduce the establishment of problematic weeds such as annual ryegrass (ARG). Furthermore, experiments established that ARG can be successfully controlled in WR systems with strategic intra- and inter-row herbicide applications. Research activities planned for 2008 will focus on investigating weed dynamics and management under WR cropping systems.

During 2008, significant progress was made against all the objectives in the project "zero-tillage rice establishment and crop-weed dynamics in rice-wheat cropping systems of India and Australia."
Excellent progress has been made against project milestones in the identification and development of suitable crop establishment systems for direct seeded rice (DSR) as an alternative to the traditional hand-transplant system. Several field sites (n=84) have been established across states of Haryana, Punjab and Bihar, with more than 200 acres demonstrating DSR technology. Research activities in the third year focused on a) comparative assessment of DSR establishment systems against hand-transplant, b) identification of optimal sowing times and seed rates, c) evaluation of suitability of different rice genotypes for DSR, d) identification of weed recruitment/dynamics and potential shifts in weed flora and e) development of effective weed management strategies.
Results summarising the yield responses of coarse grain and basmati rice types to DSR and traditional hand-transplant system across sites in Haryana, Punjab and Bihar are presented in the attached reports (appendix 1). Rice established under zero-tillage at Kushmahot, Bihar, in the presence or absence of residue yielded significantly more grain (9-13%) than the traditional hand-transplant system. Similarly, higher yields were obtained with ZT machine transplanted rice (5-8 t/ha) than the conventional transplant approach (4.2-7.3 t/ha) at several grower sites (n=196) across Haryana. DSR yields in Punjab were also similar to the traditional practice of puddled hand transplanted rice.
During the reporting period significant efforts were made to demonstrate DSR technology with the more than 320 grower assisted sites established in Haryana and Bihar. Major findings from years 1 and 2 of the project relating to optimum sowing time, seed rates, varieties, nutrition and weed management have been used to develop agronomic packages for DSR. The results from grower fields have been extremely encouraging with significant yield gains for coarse grain (200-400 kg/ha) and basmati rice types (100-200 kg/ha) under DSR in comparison to the traditional hand-transplant system. Furthermore, grower feedback about these results has been extremely positive and farmer awareness of the potential benefits of DSR is now very high. For example, grower interest in the ZT machine transplant system has been so strong that government funds have been made available for the purchase of 30 additional transplanters for use in Haryana in the coming season. This system allows growers to plant directly into unpuddled conditions and has clearly demonstrated the benefits of DSR with significant savings in labour, fuel and water.
Experiments undertaken in Punjab for the third year clearly showed that yields for rice were maximised for DSR when it was sown on the same day as nursery sowing for the transplant system, prior to onset of monsoon and when seeding rates were maintained at between 45-60 kg/ha for coarse grain rice (150-200 plants/m2). Based on project research, recommendations on the agronomy of DSR (optimal sowing rates, time of sowing, weed control) can now be given with confidence. Furthermore, high seeding rates were shown to improve the competitiveness of the rice crop with grass weeds Echinochloa and Panicum spp., resulting in significant reductions in weed growth (41-48%) and improved yield (48-75%). In addition, experiments undertaken in Punjab and Bihar clearly showed that fertiliser rates of between 120-180 kg N/ha are required to achieve maximum yield potential under DSR.
Field experiments were undertaken in Punjab and Bihar to assess the performance of rice genotypes under DSR relative to the puddled transplant system. The evaluation consisted of rice breeding lines, hybrids and cultivars sourced from International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and local Indian breeding programs. In Bihar, genotypes showed similar yield responses irrespective of establishment system, however, cultivar Rajendra Mahsuri and hybrids ProAgro 6444 and PHB 71 produced higher grain yields (6.4-6.6 t/ha) under DSR than the transplant system. Research at PAU showed that hybrid RH 257 was the most weed competitive variety under DSR, with only 12.3% yield loss as compared to 28-59% for other varieties. Rice hybrids have consistently performed well under DSR and appear to be well suited to this establishment system. It is anticipated that further genotype screening will take place during 2009.
Experiments undertaken in Bihar and Haryana, investigating weed recruitment behaviour under different rice establishment systems clearly showed shifts in weed spectrum (grassy, broadleaf and sedges) under DSR. These studies have consistently shown that Echinochloa has the ability to infest both DSR and puddled transplanted crops with slightly higher densities under DSR. Leptochloa on the other hand, only becomes a weed of significance under DSR. Consequently, herbicide evaluation has been undertaken and promising new herbicides identified for the control of this weed species. In contrast, sedge Cyperus difformis was more prevalent under the traditional puddled hand-transplant system. Broadleaf weed spp. Ammania and Fimbristylis showed no association with either establishment system, however, Bracheria, was more prevalent under DSR in Bihar. A recent visit from the Australian project research officer (PRO) in June, provided opportunity to demonstrate seedbank sampling methodologies, which is anticipated to assist future research and understanding of the behaviour of these important weed spp.
Several experiments were undertaken in Haryana, Punjab and Bihar to evaluate herbicide options for DSR (i.e. bispyribac and azimsulfuron) with research focusing on optimising herbicide application rates, timing and mixtures. Herbicide bispyribac continued to provide consistent control of grass (Echinochloa spp.) and sedge (Cyperus spp.) weeds under DSR across all three states. In addition, several grower sites (n=32; 111 acres) were established across 6 districts in Haryana to verify performance of bispyribac as a recommended (i.e. 25 g/ha applied 15-25 DAS) weed control option for DSR. These demonstrations clearly showed growers the ability of this herbicide to provide high levels of grass (ave. 96%) and sedge weed control (ave. 76%) and gives them confidence to pursue DSR with the knowledge that an effective weed management tool is available. In addition, azimsulfuron provided effective control of broadleaf and sedge weeds (>70%) when applied at higher rates (30-35 g/ha), early application timings (15-25 DAS) and in tank mixtures with metsulfuron. Importantly, bispyribac and azimsulfuron have consistently been shown to provide effective and safe weed control in DSR, resulting in significant grain yield increases. As a result of project research and other associated work, bispyribac has been registered for rice production systems (DSR & transplant) and is to be released to growers in 2009.
As in the previous two seasons, comprehensive data was collected in 2008 on crop water use under wide-row (WR) cropping systems in Australia (see attached report). In addition, experiments were undertaken to evaluate the performance of canola and chickpea cultivars (n=6) to WR. These experiments successfully identified cultivars with greater suitability to WR and have provided growers with confidence to pursue these systems for yield and weed control benefits. Field experiments were also established to investigate weed behaviour and management opportunities under WR systems. Results have clearly shown that WR systems reduce establishment of problematic weeds such as annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and provide an excellent opportunity for weed control with shielded herbicide applications in the intra- and inter-row zones.

During 2009, excellent progress was made against all the objectives in the project "zero-tillage rice establishment and crop-weed dynamics in rice-wheat cropping systems of India and Australia".
Excellent progress has been made against project milestones in the identification and development of suitable establishment systems for direct seeded rice (DSR) as an alternative to the traditional hand-transplant system. In 2009 several field research sites (n=31) were established across states of Haryana, Punjab and Bihar. In addition to the trial sites, more than 581 farmer sites demonstrating DSR technology were also established. In Haryana alone, more than 350 acres was sown under DSR in 2009, with the area expected to rise substantially next year.
In fourth year of the project, research activities focused on a) direct validation of DSR establishment systems against hand-transplant, b) identification of optimal sowing times and seeding rates, c) evaluation and suitability of different rice genotypes, d) identification of weed recruitment/dynamics and potential shifts in weed flora, e) development of effective weed management strategies, and f) optimising nitrogen management under DSR.
Yield responses for coarse and basmati rice types under DSR and the traditional hand-transplant system at sites across states of Haryana, Punjab and Bihar are summarised in the attached reports (appendix 1). At the two field sites comparing rice establishment systems in Punjab, there was no significant difference between DSR and hand-transplant system, with grain yields as high as 6.4 t/ha for rice sown using modified seed drills. Rice established under zero-tillage and residue at Samastipur, Bihar, showed higher yields (5.4 t/ha) than the puddle-transplant system (5.1 t/ha) which is an exceptional performance given the dry conditions experienced over the growing season. Similarly, DSR evaluated across several farmer sites (n=354) in Haryana provided equivalent rice yields to conventional transplant system, with ZT machine transplanted rice yielding on average 5.6% more grain than the traditional system. As this work was undertaken in close association with the farmers, their awareness of the benefits of this technology is high which is expected to lead to its rapid on-farm adoption.
The project continues to raise awareness and interest amongst researchers, extension workers, government officials and importantly growers of the potential of alternate rice establishment systems. This was clearly evident from attendance by more than 200 farmers from all over Punjab at a national workshop on DSR at Punjab Agricultural University in September 2009. This workshop was organised by the PAU team of this ACIAR project. Furthermore, efforts to demonstrate DSR and its benefits were significantly increased during the reporting period with more than 581 grower assisted sites established in Haryana and Bihar. These field sites, established using agronomic packages developed within this project, have been extremely encouraging showing similar yields for both coarse and basmati rice types under DSR (2.8-6.4 t/ha) in comparison to the traditional puddle transplant system (3.2-6.4 t/ha). Grower feedback from these results has been extremely positive, with many growers reporting water savings of as much as 30% under DSR as well as savings in labour required for hand transplanting. In addition, considerable savings (3500 to 5000 rupees/ha) were reported for machine transplanted rice in comparison to the labour and puddling intensive hand-transplant system, further encouraging many growers to shift to DSR in 2010.
Experiments undertaken in Punjab last year clearly showed that yields for rice were maximised for DSR when it was sown on the same day as nursery sowing for the transplant system. Delays of sowing DSR beyond 15 days of nursery establishment for PTR resulted in significant losses in yield (26-55%). These studies have been critical in developing the management package for DSR. Research has also shown conclusively that DSR needs to be sown prior to the onset of monsoon, as rice is very sensitive to water-logging during germination, a key finding from Bihar. Improvements in the seed delivery mechanisms of seed-drills by the manufacturers during last two years has resulted in a significant reduction in the seed rate required for coarse grain (20-30 kg/ha) and basmati rice (17-20 kg/ha) without compromising crop establishment (150 plants/m2) and yield. In addition, experiments undertaken showed that fertiliser rates of between 120-180 kg N/ha split into three equal applications (i.e. 33% sowing, tillering and panicle initiation) are required to achieve maximum yield potential under DSR. Further research on drum seeder for DSR establishment has been discontinued as this practice is incompatible with the use of pre-emergence herbicides such as pendimethalin.
Identification of suitable rice genotypes (coarse grain and basmati) for DSR has been a major objective of the project and was undertaken at Punjab and Bihar. These evaluations consisted of rice breeding lines, hybrids and cultivars, sourced from International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and local breeding programs. At Bihar under drought conditions, it was extremely encouraging to see that many of the rice genotypes were able to produce similar yields under DSR (3.8 t/ha) in comparison to the transplant system (4 t/ha). Furthermore, hybrid genotypes (i.e. Arize dhan and Arize 6444) were able to produce yields in excess of 5.8 t/ha in the study and continued to show excellent potential under DSR. In addition, yield responses for seven different basmati cultivars grown on farmer assisted sites (n=354) in Haryana were consistently higher (4-7%) under DSR than the transplant system and indicates the suitability of already released cultivars for this alternative establishment system.
Research undertaken in Haryana and Bihar has identified significant shifts in weed spectrum (grass, broadleaf and sedge) under the different rice establishment systems. As in previous years, clear associations were found with grass spp. Leptochloa showing greater preference for DSR and sedge Cyperus difformis for the transplant system. However, grass spp. Eragrostis was identified as a new emerging weed threat with significantly greater emergence under DSR. In contrast, Echinochloa spp. showed no association with either establishment system and was found infesting both DSR and puddle-transplanted crops at similar densities.
As a consequence of the significant threat posed by aerobic grass spp. Leptochloa and Eragrostis to success of DSR, herbicide options targeting these and other prominent species (i.e. Echinochloa) were evaluated further at sites in Haryana, Punjab and Bihar. Previous research clearly showed potential of new herbicides bispyribac and azimsulfuron to provide effective and consistent control of Echinochloa (>90%) and sedge spp. (>70%) under DSR, and resulted in registration and release of bispyribac (Nominee Gold) for rice production systems in 2009. Consequently, bispyribac was widely used by growers at many of the 581 grower assisted sites last year. In addition to providing excellent control of Echinochloa spp., bisypribac (25 g/ha applied 25 DAS) used in combination with pre-emergence pendimethalin appears to provide effective broad spectrum control of weeds including Leptochloa and Eragrostis (>90%) under DSR and is a significant project finding. Importantly, these herbicides provide excellent and safe weed control in DSR, and have resulted in significant grain yield increases. Effective herbicide recommendations and strategies for weed control under DSR have now been developed as a consequence of project research, providing growers with greater confidence to pursue DSR.
Herbicide application technology was identified as a weakness in weed management during the mid-term review of this project by Dr Christian Roth. In response to that finding, Sam Kleemann (Australian project research officer - PRO) undertook manufacture of an herbicide spray unit for applying herbicides uniformly and safely in the field (see appendix for images). Evaluation of the spray unit at PAU during 2009 has shown promising results. In response to that success, CIMMYT-India is building 10 replica units for use across Bihar this year and machinery manufactures (i.e. National Agro Industries) in Ludhiana, Punjab, have begun construction of similar units using locally made parts.
Experiments undertaken in Australia have continued to focus on the development of effective weed management strategies and improvements in water use efficiency for farming systems of southern Australia (see attached report). More specifically, experiments were established (n=3) evaluating seeding system, time of sowing and crop-topping effects on weed management and crop safety. These experiments clearly showed that performance of new pre-emergence herbicides (i.e. Boxer-Gold and Sakura) was not compromised under low soil disturbance disc systems or by early sowing. However, some of the weed population was able to escape these new herbicides and set large amount of seed (~5000 seeds/m2). Use of crop-top applications of glyphosate in wheat treated with these herbicides was able to reduce annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) seed production by 95%. However, crop safety from crop-topping is very sensitive to timing. Spraying even 2-3 days too early can lead to large yield losses (>50%) in wheat. Follow up work will be undertaken to identify suitable timing for crop safety during crop-topping wheat for seed set control in ryegrass.

A collaborative project in Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea (Lowlands) has started screening for carotenoid-rich sweet potato varieties (i.e. orange-fleshed sweet potato, OFSP), along with carefully considering the social aspects of these and other micronutrient-dense foods, how they fit into the traditional food system, and what factors may be important for promoting them. This project was prompted by studies which indicate suboptimal vitamin A status in population sub-groups in Solomon Islands and PNG, notably in infants, children and pregnant or nursing women. Moreover, during the past 50 years throughout the Pacific and PNG there have been large increases in rates of the so-called metabolic/lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and certain cancers. These result from overconsumption of refined, nutritionally-poor products such as white flour, white rice and sugar, combined with lack of proper exercise.
Agencies involved include ACIAR, HarvestPlus, International Potato Centre (CIP), Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), Kastom Gaden Association (KGA), Solomon Islands Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Island Food Community of Pohnpei, PNG National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI), World Vision, Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (QDPIF), and Makira Ulawa Province and community groups.
Over 50 orange/yellow sweet potato varieties were collected and analysed (using high-performance liquid chromatography), as well as a selection of sweet potato leaf samples and other food crops. Collecting areas included the remote Santa Cruz Islands, Makira, Santa Ana, Guadalcanal, Western Solomons/Isabel (by Pita Tikai, KGA), and samples were also sent from Madang, PNG by World Vision. Project activity in PNG was limited in 2007 due to the leader's commitments to biofortification programs in several countries, and also the project aim of being mostly Solomons-based.
Promising varieties (with beta-carotene levels over 100 mg/kg dry weight, and which are highly regarded by local consumers for their insect/pathogen resistance, yield, flavour, texture and storage ability) have been identified from this survey and are being multiplied by KGA. This is where the workshops, talks and distribution of promotional material (see below) are essential, as knowledge of the health benefits of micronutrient-rich local foods is not widespread at present. In addition, financial support has been provided to key agriculture and education officers on Makira, who are involved in sweet potato field trials, banana seed gardens, training programs for women, and agricultural extension in the Star Harbour/Weathercoast area.
Cassava and sweet potato leaves were found to be useful sources of carotenoids; for example the reddish leaves of Beraha cassava contained nearly 400 mg/kg of beta-carotene. Cooking in coconut cream enhances carotenoid bioavailability.
Seven nutritional workshops promoting OFSPs, high-carotenoid bananas and nutritious local foods generally, and including information gathering, were held on Makira in October 2007. The workshops were led by Dr Lois Englberger, renowned anthropologist and nutritionist from the Island Food Community, Pohnpei, Micronesia. There was great interest among local people in this activity and over 700 people attended the workshops in total. Participants were particularly keen on the "Go Local" and "Going Yellow" slogans. Several of the workshops were held on the Makira Weathercoast, a remote area with nutrition/food security/income/transport issues.
The social research methods used included ethnography, key informant interviews, informal focus group discussions, free listing, pile sorting, photography, market survey and literature review. In addition, rare high-carotenoid banana germplasm was collected and transferred to Fiji for tissue culture. Names of the sweet potato and banana varieties, as well as characteristics, beliefs, practices, and traditional knowledge, and factors relating to production, marketing, consumption, and acceptability, all of which impact on the potential for promoting these crops, were explored. Plans are underway to initiate similar efforts on other islands of Solomon Islands and in PNG (in Madang Province, where the population has been identified as having the highest risk of vitamin A deficiency in PNG) in collaboration with World Vision and NARI. Suitable promotional materials (including posters of high-carotenoid local foods) are being developed.
In addition to the survey and social marketing components of the program, imports of OFSP varieties with valuable traits from CIP Peru (via SPC, Fiji) and Indonesia (via QDPIF, Australia) are in progress. Once they clear quarantine, these imported varieties will be tested at several sites in Solomon Islands and PNG.
Health benefits of OFSP aside, the AusAID report "Solomon Islands Smallholder Agriculture Study (Vol 1)" recommended efforts to raise productivity of staple food crops in Solomon Islands to give a much needed boost to the economy. Increasing the appreciation of sweet potato and banana diversity is part of the larger ongoing effort that is needed.
APPENDICES
1. A report, "An exploratory study of banana and sweet potato varieties, including beliefs, practices, and potential for promotion: a collaborative project with communities on Makira Island, October 1-16, 2007" by Englberger et al.
2. Progress report for HarvestPlus, January 2008 by G Lyons
3. Results of 2007 OFSP beta-carotene survey.
4. ACIAR Newsletter article by Englberger et al.

The orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) program, funded by ACIAR and HarvestPlus, has built on a solid first-year foundation and shown pleasing progress in its second year, with developments that should provide human health benefits far into the future.
The screening phase of the project, which focused on Solomon Islands, is now complete, with a total of 77 orange- and yellow-fleshed sweet potato varieties analysed for tuber levels of the pro-vitamin A carotenoid, beta-carotene. In 2008, the HPLC analyses were improved with a reliable internal standard, and the survey list altered accordingly (Appendix 1). Eighteen local varieties exceeded 100 mg/kg beta-carotene (dry weight basis), with 7 of these over 200 mg/kg, an excellent level.
The most suitable Solomon Islands OFSP varieties identified in the survey (which met our criteria of high beta-carotene, high yield, pest resistance, acceptable flavour and texture) have been included in the Kastom Gaden Association (KGA)'s improved root crops program, with bulking and distribution occurring at several regional centres. In addition, the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAL), Kirakira, Makira are promoting the "Paul Iu" variety from Ulawa Island, which was found to have the highest beta-carotene level in the survey, 269 mg/kg DW.
In contrast to OFSP varieties themselves, local knowledge of their health benefits was scarce. An awareness program commenced in May 2007, and 22 nutrition workshops have now been conducted on Makira, Ulawa, Malaita (Solomon Islands) and around Lae, Morobe (PNG), with a total attendance of over 1,700 people. The renowned nutritionists/anthropologists/social scientists Dr Lois Englberger (Island Food Community, Pohnpei, Micronesia) and Dr Wendy Foley (University of Queensland) were instrumental in the success of this program, which has been expanded to include other local nutritious foods, including high-carotenoid bananas, legumes and leafy vegetables. Participants in both countries have appreciated the "Go Local" message, and the program has received solid media coverage (see Appendix 2 for an example). A special effort has been made to target communities with particular nutritional/food security problems, e.g. the underprivileged West Taraka community near Lae, PNG; North Malaita with its high population and increasing reliance on refined, processed foods; Star Harbour and the Makira Weathercoast with food security issues; and the Kwaio area of central Malaita, where protein and vitamin A deficiencies are evident.
Implementation by communities and individual farmers of this message has been facilitated by our major collaborators, KGA and the PNG National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI), which are able to supply planting material of OFSPs and other nutritious crops to farmers, from regional seed gardens and research centres.
Drs Englberger and Lyons participated in a program organised by Maria Linibi, President of PNG Women in Agriculture and NARI, which focused on three "International Days": Rural Women, World Food Day and Eradication of Poverty, held at NARI Bubia in October 2008. Nutrition workshops were conducted in collaboration with NARI and the PNG Department of Health. Delegates from all over PNG were present.
The project leader presented reports at the ASEM/2003/010 Lessons Learned Workshop at Madang in May 2008 and at a workshop for the new AH/2007/106 project at Manokwari, West Papua in March 2009. Dr Foley gave an address, "Cultivar selection can have significant implications for our health" (including the experiences of our Solomons nutrition workshops) at the "Tropical Fruits in Human Nutrition and Health Conference 2008", November, Gold Coast, Queensland (Appendix 3).
In addition to identifying superior local OFSPs and spreading the nutrition/health message, the program imported several OFSP varieties with valuable traits from CIP Peru in late 2008, assisted by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community's Centre for Pacific Crops and Trees (SPC CePaCT), Fiji and MAL, Honiara. These are undergoing evaluation by KGA (Roselyn Kabu, with women's groups on Malaita and Santa Ysabel) and NARI (Elick Guaf at Bubia). The imports are also proving useful in the HORT/2005/134 program, which is conducting Farmer Field Schools on Guadalcanal, coordinated by Lawrence Atu.
Dr Rakesh Kapila, plant breeder at NARI Aiyura (Eastern Highlands), is evaluating the imported varieties for possible inclusion in an OFSP "polycross" program. The Beauregard variety, which was imported from Australia previously, is proving valuable in this breeding program.
A trip is planned later in 2009 to visit Morobe and Eastern Highlands (PNG), and Guadalcanal, Makira and Santa Ysabel (SI) to assess progress and conduct further workshops. Two local food promotional posters will be launched in Honiara, which were developed after wide consultation, and are now being printed in Suva. One features high-carotenoid bananas from Makira Island, and the other OFSPs, leafy vegetables and other nutrient-rich local foods of the Solomons, with text in English and Pidgin.

This project builds on the success of a previous project (AH/1998/054) in upland areas of Papua and West Papua Provinces by continuing to develop options to improve cash income from sweetpotatoes and pigs, improve human health and nutrition using higher yielding varieties of sweetpotato with improved storage traits and decreasing the risk of parasitic zoonoses. Improving productivity and efficiency of the sweetpotato-pig production system, with better utilisation of the resources associated with it, will enable diversification through integration of vegetables and small livestock. The value of the project was recognised by Provincial Government when pig-sweetpotato production was nominated as one of three industries for inclusion in the Livelihood Improvement in Papua and West Papua project, funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). As a result the project was expanded in April 2010 by adding objective 4 which will result in the dissemination of project outcomes to other areas of the Provinces.
The major partners continue to be SARDI, the International Potato Centre and Balai Besar Penggkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian, through BPTP Papua and West Papua. However University of Papua, CIP, University of Adelaide Food Plus Program and the Institute for Tubers and Legumes (Malang) are providing support in sweetpotato cultivation, nutritional analysis, and storage and processing technology. Further local agronomic support is being provided by BPTP and the Department Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Food Security, West Papua Province. SARDI is leading the pig production and health aspects of the project, but expertise and diagnostic technology is being provided by University of Queensland and Udayana University in zoonotic parasitology and University of Gaja Mada in microbiology. Regional Departments of Animal Husbandry in Mimika and Jayawijaya (Papua Province) and Department Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Food Security, West Papua Province, along with the Diagnostic Investigation Centre in Maros Sulawesi are providing diagnostic and monitoring support. The team being built covers a wide spectrum of scientific, technical and extension expertise across several disciplines in food production and animal production and health.
Although progress has been relatively slow, three successful workshops have been conducted which resulted in significant team building and clarity of purpose.
Emphasis during the first year has been on gaining a better understanding of Arfak methods of pig production. A social diagnostic survey was completed in December 2009 and a formal workshop is planned for October 2010 to draw conclusions and identify areas requiring a change in approach. A pig disease survey was also completed in May 2010 to identify key health and production issues in pigs.
The adaption of the Baliem Valley Pig Production System to the Arfak region will be a major activity in the coming year.
Significant capacity building in technology through training and transfer has occurred. UNIPA has enhanced its capacity for chemical analysis through purchase of equipment and staff training in analytical techniques. Relevant diagnostic technology transferred from University of Queensland to Udayana University will be transferred to Maros DIC and local Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories.
Forming linkages with the IFAD program referred to above was the most significant change during the first year and this will require the development of a training package for agricultural extension workers and farmers.
The plan to develop nutritionally enhanced flour from sweetpotato has been dropped as baking and using ovens are not part of the culture of people living in the Arfak or Baliem Valley. Instead efforts will be concentrated on SP storage technology and crop diversification to achieve improvements in human nutrition
Mr Sukendra Mahalaya, a John Allwright Fellow will complete a PhD at Adelaide University in July 2010 and return to the project as Indonesian project coordinator with supervision of the project coordinators in Manokwari (West Papua) and Wamena (Papua).
Several personal changes have occurred, the most significant of which were adding an Extension Officer from the Provincial Extension Service who is located in the Arfak villages, and employing an Arfak University student from UNIPA as a liaison officer between the project and local communities. Several other students whose families live in Arfak villages have also been recruited and trained for specific activities.
A workshop on pig production in Eastern Indonesia is planned for July 2010 and will draw participants from NTT, Papua and West Papua, as well as Australia and Laos PDR.
No impacts have yet been generated by the project but it is anticipated that a number of farmers in the Arfak Region will be actively involved in working with the project team to modify both pig production and sweetpotato cultivation in the region by the end of 2010.

This project continues to build on the success of a previous project (AH/1998/054) in upland areas of Papua Province and by transferring much of the technology developed for sweetpotato and pig production to the uplands of West Papua Province.
The project is also expanding the potential to improve cash income from sweetpotatoes and pigs, improve human health and nutrition using higher yielding varieties of sweetpotato with improved storage traits and decreasing the risk of parasitic zoonoses.
A major objective of the project is to enable farmers to diversify their production systems through integration of vegetables and compatible small livestock into the existing systems. This is being made possible through the improvements made in productivity and efficiency of the sweetpotato-pig production system in the current and previous projects.
The value of the project was recognised by Provincial Governments when pig-sweetpotato production was nominated as one of three industries for inclusion in the Livelihood Improvement Project in Papua and West Papua, funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). As a result the project was expanded in April 2010 by adding objective 4 which will result in the dissemination of project outcomes to other areas of the Provinces.
The major partners continue to be SARDI, the International Potato Center (CIP) and Center for Agricultural Technology Assessment and Development (ICATAD) [Balai Besar Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian (BBP2TP)] through the Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (BPTP) in Papua and West Papua Provinces. The University of Papua, CIP, University of Adelaide Food Plus Program and the Research Institute for Legumes and Tubers Crops (RILET Malang) are providing support in sweetpotato (SP) cultivation, nutritional analysis, and storage and processing technology. Further local agronomic support is being provided by BPTP and the Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Food Security Office, West Papua Province (Dinas Pertanian, Peternakan, dan Ketahanan Pangan Papua Barat). SARDI is leading the pig production and health aspects of the project, but expertise and diagnostic technology is being provided by University of Queensland (UQ) and Udayana University (UNUD) in zoonotic parasitology and University of Gajah Mada in microbiology. Timika and Jayawijaya Animal Husbandry Offices in Papua Province and the West Papua Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Food Security Office along with the Diagnostic Investigation Centre in Maros Sulawesi are providing diagnostic and disease monitoring support. The Manokwari Agricultural Extension Academy (STPP Manokwari), which is part of Kementrian Pertanian (KEMTAN), has been added in 2010 to increase our capacity for developing extension training programs. The project team covers a wide spectrum of scientific, technical and extension expertise across several disciplines in food production and animal production and health.
The main outcome relating to SP production has been the identification of the most productive varieties for the two areas. Pattipy, Salossa and Sawentor from the previous project all performed well and Salossa, Dosak-1 (high-anthocyanin purple flesh) and Worembai were popular for taste. Sukuh had high dry matter content, Ayamurasaki, Solossa, Cangkuang all had high beta carotene content and Cankuang (local) is the best early maturing variety. Warumbai (RILET) scored well and could be released locally. Current activities focus on developing improved cultivation and storage techniques for roots.
The major activities in pig production has been the completion of a pig disease survey, which concentrated on identifying the key pig health problems in the Arfak region, and zoonotic disease in both regions, and working with farmers in the village of Minyambouw to develop a model of the Baliem Valley Pig Confinement Systems (MBVPCS) suitable for this region. As in the Baliem Valley, internal parasites were identified as the major health problem and the presence of Cysticercosis is the major zoonotic risk factor for human health.
Significant capacity building in technology has also occurred. Relevant technology for the diagnosis of Trichinella sp infection in pigs has been transferred from UQ to UNUD and this will be transferred to Maros DIC. Improved techniques for the diagnosis of other parasites are also being transferred from UNUD to Maros DIC and local veterinary clinics.
To enable the project to provide outcomes under the IFAD we have recruited the support of the Manokwari Agricultural Extension Academy which provides technology and extension training in agronomy, livestock production, horticulture and fisheries. Modules of the MBVPCS will be established at the academy as well as at a similar training centre operated by Wahana Visi Indonesia (WVI) (World Vision Indonesia) near Wamena.
The farmer training material written for project (AH/1998/054) is being modified for use at both training centres as well as the extension service provided from UNIPA.
Dr Sukendra Mahalaya completed his PhD at Adelaide University in July 2010 and returned to the project as Indonesian project coordinator with responsibility for liaising with Indonesian agencies and supervising the project coordinators in Manokwari (West Papua) and Wamena (Papua).
Other changes include the recruitment of an Extension Officer from the Provincial Extension Service who is located in the Arfak villages, and employing an Arfak University student from UNIPA to liaise between the project team and local communities. Several other students whose families live in Arfak villages have also been recruited and trained for specific activities.
A workshop on pig production in Eastern Indonesia was conducted at UNUD in July 2010 and was attended by participants from NTT, Papua and West Papua Provinces, as well as Australia and Laos PDR. The workshop's agreed priorities for extension were nutrition, including diet formulation and feeding techniques for different classes of pigs, reducing pre- and post-weaning mortalities, parasite prevention and control, improving reproduction efficiency, providing adequate cost effective housing using proven design concepts, health control policies (biosecurity and vaccination programs), and marketing concepts.
No real impacts have yet been generated by the project but we now have several farmers with MBVPCS facilities in Arfak and other farmers participating in SP trials. Working with WVI and the Extension Academy is increasing the opportunities for uptake of project outcomes across other Regencies.

The project aims to increase crop productivity, profitability and sustainability in the drylands of northern Iraq through development, evaluation and promotion of conservation cropping technologies involving zero-tillage, stubble mulching, improved crop cultivars and better crop management. Project activity is focussed in Ninevah Governorate.
The objectives are:
1. To demonstrate and promote uptake of "best-bet" improved varieties and crop management systems for wheat, barley and pulse and forage legumes
2. To evaluate and select new, improved germplasm of wheat, barley and pulse and forage legumes for promotion in demonstration programs
3. To evaluate and select new, improved crop management technologies for promotion in demonstration programs
4. To facilitate agricultural planning and development through utilisation of GIS and crop modelling
5. To develop, evaluate and promote efficient and sustainable local seed production and supply systems
6. To monitor and evaluate adoption and impacts of project technologies, and identify enabling policy options to enhance uptake by farmers
7. To enhance capacity of Iraqi research and extension programs to develop and promote improved conservation cropping technologies.
The project commenced with the first reporting/planning meeting at ICARDA in September 2008, with 17 participants from Iraq, 7 from Australia and 20 from ICARDA. Activities and achievements from the previous project (CIM/2004/024) were presented and the 2008-09 workplan for the new project developed and circulated.
Under the demonstration objective, on-farm demonstrations were established as planned at 12 locations in Iraq evaluating wheat, barley, chickpea, and lentil lines under zero-tillage (ZT), chisel cultivation and conventional cultivation (CC). ZT area in the demonstrations covered 52ha. Six collaborating farmers independently sowed 440ha of ZT crops using a Rama seeder modified for ZT. The year was very dry with <150mm of rainfall at half the locations. Inspections in April-May 2009 confirmed that harvests were possible in only 4 sites, with crops failing because of low rainfall in the other 8 sites. Field days were held at Alqush on 7 January (12 farmers and staff); Telkief on 24 May (18 farmers and staff); and Alqush on 25 May (16 farmers and staff).
In linked demonstrations in Syria, 2070ha of ZT crops were established by 41 farmers in on-farm comparisons of ZT vs CC using locally-made ZT seeders. These farmer crops were inspected and discussed to promote understanding of ZT/stubble mulching with 12 farmers and 12 scientists from Iraq and 7 scientists and 10 farmers from Syria during training-study visits on ZT research, development and seeders in the spring of 2009.
Under the germplasm and crop management research objectives, the project conducted a total of 66 research trials. The University of Mosul and State Board of Agricultural Research Ninevah established 50 trials: 31 on evaluation of elite lines of wheat, barley, chickpea and lentil and varieties of vetch, lathyrus, saltbush, safflower, oats and peas; 19 on crop management and agronomy involving mixtures, rotations, polymer gel, hardpan amelioration and IPM. Trials were regularly inspected and evaluated. Unfortunately, crop growth was poor in many sites due to the very dry year, with reasonable growth and harvests expected from only 12 trials in 4 locations. Harvesting commenced in May/June.
At ICARDA, 16 trials for technology refinement/verification and Iraqi scientist and farmer training were conducted on crop growth under ZT and CC, local seeder performance under ZT and evaluation of alternative crops (oilseeds, oats, peas). All trials established and grew well with 280mm of rain. Growth was consistently better from ZT than CC and early than late sowing. Locally-made ZT seeders performed well. Trials were harvested in May/June.
Under the capacity enhancement objective, there were 91 Iraqi scientist and technician training visits to ICARDA with 74 participating in 10 formal training courses and 17 participating in the reporting-planning meeting where Australian collaborators gave 3 seminars on ZT machinery development, participatory extension and germplasm evaluation under ZT. The formal training focused on specific areas related to project implementation: adoption and impact analysis; seed multiplication and marketing; experimental methods and statistics; ZT seeder principles and operation; variety description and maintenance; GIS/remote sensing; germplasm improvement and breeding; and participatory extension methodology/practice. Australian collaborators delivered 3 of these courses.
In a May 2009 study visit, 11 farmers from Iraq and 8 from Syria spent a week inspecting and discussing ZT research and local farmer demonstrations in northern Syria. This was a very significant visit which enhanced farmer knowledge of conservation cropping systems and encouraged farmer involvement in development and evaluation of ZT/stubble mulching systems in Ninevah and Syria.
Six Iraqi project scientists attended several other significant capacity enhancement opportunities closely related to project activities:
a) one Iraqi economist undertook impact and adoption analysis training at an ACIAR-sponsored Crawford Fund Master Class in India in March 2009.
b) three Iraqi cereal breeders undertook crop breeding and seed production training at an AusAID sponsored course followed by a conservation cropping study tour in Australia in June-July 2009.
c) two Iraqi scientists/project leaders participated in, and presented a project poster at, the 4th World Congress on Conservation Agriculture and undertook a study tour of ACIAR-supported conservation cropping projects in India in February 2009.
During the year, project findings and research and demonstration trials were shown to and discussed with 50 farmers at field days and 21 agricultural engineering students in Iraq and over 500 visitors at ICARDA, which exposed the project and technology widely.
Detailed project information including project documents, reports and presentations is available through the ICARDA web site (http://www.icarda.cgiar.org/ACIAR/Index.htm). The website averaged150 hits/month during July 2008 - April 2009.
Since ZT technology was first exposed and introduced into Iraq by the previous project in 2006-07, the known area of ZT crops has increased to 489ha in 2008-09.In project-related development in Syria where the technology was similarly unknown and untested, total ZT area from project interactions was about 2126ha in 2008-09. A further 160ha of ZT crops is being grown in research and development projects involving Syrian research and extension groups. The recent increase in awareness, research and development on the technology, the keen involvement of farmers and seeder manufacturers in testing and taking up ZT sowing and seeder fabrication, and the higher yields and lower costs being experienced with the technology, provide a good foundation and confidence for wider adoption and impact. However, it has been difficult and disheartening for researchers, extension officers and farmers to develop, promote and evaluate better varieties and conservation cropping technologies during two successive severe droughts. We will hope for a wetter year in Iraq and Syria in 2009-10.

The project aims to increase crop productivity, profitability and sustainability in the drylands of northern Iraq through development, evaluation and promotion of conservation cropping technologies involving zero-tillage, stubble mulching, improved crop cultivars and better crop management. Project activity is focussed in Ninevah Governorate.
The objectives are:
1. To demonstrate and promote uptake of "best-bet" improved varieties and crop management systems for wheat, barley and pulse and forage legumes
2. To evaluate and select new, improved germplasm of wheat, barley and pulse and forage legumes for promotion in demonstration programs
3. To evaluate and select new, improved crop management technologies for promotion in demonstration programs
4. To facilitate agricultural planning and development through utilisation of GIS and crop modelling
5. To develop, evaluate and promote efficient and sustainable local seed production and supply systems
6. To monitor and evaluate adoption and impacts of project technologies, and identify enabling policy options to enhance uptake by farmers
7. To enhance capacity of Iraqi research and extension programs to develop and promote improved conservation cropping technologies.
The second project reporting/planning meeting was held at ICARDA on 27 September-1 October 2009, with 31 participants from Iraq, 3 from Australia and 15 from ICARDA. The Australian Ambassador and the First Secretary (Development Assistance) from the Australian Embassy in Baghdad attended and opened/closed the meeting. The Indian leader of the ACIAR project on enhancing wheat quality from the Directorate of Wheat Research in India also attended the meeting to share and discuss project experiences. Activities and achievements from 2008-09 were presented and the 2009-10 workplan developed and agreed.
In Ninevah, demonstrations of ZT, chisel cultivation and traditional cultivation with early/late planting using a local variety of barley, bread wheat, and durum wheat were established at 13 locations with 15 farmers. Lentil and chickpea were included at several sites. Rainfall (230-740mm) and harvests were good at 11 locations. Demonstrations covered 168 ha, with 56ha of ZT.
Three farmers grew 1025ha of ZT using their locally-modified modified Rama or John Shearer seeders. Thirteen farmers grew nearly 700ha of ZT crops using 3 Syrian 4m-wide trailed ZT tine seeders and one Syrian 4m-wide trailed ZT disc seeder. Overall, about 1800ha of ZT crops were grown by 31 farmers in Ninevah.
Field days were held in Ninevah at four demonstration sites. The first was arranged by farmers involved in ZT seeder modification at Nimroud on 20 February 10 (25 farmers-staff). Others were arranged by DOA at Mahalabia on 20 April 10 (31 farmers-staff), Telkief on 6 May 10 (42 farmers-staff) and Alshekhanon on 13 May 10 (80 farmers-staff).
In farmer demonstrations with collaborators in northern Syria, some 200- 250 farmers established about 8,000-10,000ha of ZT crop. Field days were held at Salamiya on 20 April (200 participants), Kamishley on 22 April (250) and Jarjanaz on 28 April (350).
Demonstrations and field days were used in training visits by Iraqi scientists and farmers, to inspect and discuss ZT activities with Syrian researchers, extension officers and farmers. Many Iraqis initially sceptical about ZT, low seed rates and early planting were very positive by the end of their visits.
In Ninevah, 54 research trials were conducted under the germplasm and crop management research objectives. The University of Mosul and State Board of Agricultural Research Ninevah established 41 trials: 28 on evaluation of elite lines and varieties of wheat, barley, chickpea, lentil, vetch, lathyrus, saltbush, safflower, oats and peas; 13 on crop management involving mixtures, rotations, polymer gel, hardpan amelioration and IPM. Trials generally grew well with harvesting in May/June.
At ICARDA, 14 trials for technology refinement/verification and Iraqi scientist and farmer training were conducted on: crop and variety performance under ZT and CC; local seeder performance; time, seed rate and depth of sowing; comparison of local ZT seeders; evaluation of alternative crops (oilseeds, oats, peas); and increasing wheat frequency in wheat-lentil-camelina rotations. All trials established and grew well with 270mm of rain. Growth was consistently better from ZT than CC and early than late sowing. Locally-made ZT seeders performed well. Cereals and legumes seemed to do best when planted early with 100kg/ha of seed planted at 4-8cm depth. Trials were harvested in May/June.
Experience in 2008-09 with the first 3 local Syrian-made ZT seeders by farmers and researchers identified needs for stronger, wider, trailed or 3PL seeders with more-widely spaced tines and press wheels. Seven new models (10 units) were made 2009-10 in collaboration with El Bab, Qabbasin and Kamishley manufacturers. Four seeders were sent to Ninevah for evaluation and use in farmer demonstrations. These have worked well with several requiring some adjustment and strengthening.
In Ninevah, was not possible to engage local manufacturers in ZT seeder fabrication. However, three local farmers, one the owner of the Nimroud demonstration site, continued innovative ZT modification and experimentation with local seeders, developing and testing robust and effective tines and narrow points in collaboration with Australian specialists. The farmers organised and funded a successful field day on 20 February attended by 25 farmers-scientists, showing and describing their positive experiences with ZT seeder modification and ZT crops. This farmer leadership in developing, testing, demonstrating and promoting modified ZT seeders is thought by project leaders to be a first for Ninevah/Iraq, and represents a major outcome and impact from the project.
There were major efforts in Ninevah to develop on-farm seed production. Foundation seed production of bread wheat, durum wheat and barley varieties was commenced at Rashidiya RS. Some 225ha of wheat (15 vars) and barley (4 vars) was grown in 10 locations by 21 seed production farmers; these will form the foundation of project-led village-based seed production enterprises.
In capacity enhancement at ICARDA, there were 77 Iraqi scientist and technician training visits with 47 participating in 12 formal training courses and 30 in the annual meeting where one Australian collaborator gave a seminar on climate change. The training remained targeted, with Australian partners delivering 3 of the courses, and focused on specific areas related to the project: Socio-economic planning and evaluation; GIS landuse/cover mapping; Crop management and post harvest operations in quality seed production; ZT plot seeder assembly, operation and maintenance; Advanced design and analysis of experiments; Best practices for collecting and conserving genetic resources; Participatory extension; Iraqi farmers ZT study visit; Variety identification and maintenance; Data management, ANOVA, regression: Excel and Genstat; GIS/Remote sensing; ZT and agronomy research experience. In addition, 14 collaborating Syrian scientists also participated in some of these courses.
There were two very significant visits, one by 18 Iraqi and 14 Syrian farmers, and one by 16 Iraqi and 8 Syrian extension officers, to inspect and discuss ZT research, farmer experiences with ZT, and ZT seeder fabrication across northern Syria. The groups attended three major field days with 200-350 participants in Salamiya, Kamishley and Jarjanaz. These visits greatly enhanced knowledge of ZT and effective ways to undertake participatory R, D and E with demonstrations and field days.
Seven trainees travelled to Australia on study visits focused on ZT, hay and seed production at UniAdelaide (3 participants), soil and plant nutrition at AgWA in Albany (1 participant), weed management at UniAdelaide (2 participants) and a PhD on conservation cropping at UniWA (1 participant).
During the year, project findings and research and demonstration trials were inspected and discussed with 175 farmers and staff at field days in Iraq. In Syria, 800 farmers and staff attended project field days in Salamiya, Idleb and Kamishley. At ICARDA, 100 Iraqi project staff and 300 visitors inspected and/or discussed project research trials. These visits exposed the project and ZT technology widely in the region and beyond. As an example, the Minister for Agriculture from Lebanon visited in mid-May 2010 and was surprised and impressed that crops could be grown with ZT and stubble retention; he has since requested specifications of project-developed ZT seeders and manufacturer details and plans to purchase seeders to promote ZT R&D in Lebanon.
The project generated considerable publicity and media coverage in Australia, with three articles published in development magazines and many reports in the rural press and on ABC radio and TV, including features on Late Night Live, Bush Telegraph and Landline. Detailed project information including project documents, reports and presentations is available through the ICARDA web site (http://www.icarda.cgiar.org/ACIAR/Index.htm).
Since ZT technology was first exposed and introduced into Iraq by the previous project in 2006-07, the known area of ZT crops has increased to 1,800ha in 2009-10.In project-related development in Syria where the technology was similarly little known or tested, total ZT area from project interactions was about 8,000-10,000ha in 2009-10. A further 700ha of ZT crops was grown in research and development projects involving Syrian research and extension groups. ICARDA grew about 200ha of ZT crops in trials and rotation/seed production areas. The on-going increase in awareness, research and development on the technology, the keen involvement of manufacturers and farmers in ZT seeder fabrication and testing and taking up ZT, and the higher yields and lower costs being experienced, provide a good foundation and confidence for wider adoption and impact. The more favourable year in 2009-10 has encouraged farmer enthusiasm and confidence in Ninevah and Syria.

The project aims to increase crop productivity, profitability and sustainability in the drylands of northern Iraq through development, evaluation and promotion of conservation cropping technologies involving zero-tillage, stubble mulching, improved crop cultivars and better crop management. Project activity is focussed in Ninevah Governorate.
The objectives are:
1. To demonstrate and promote uptake of "best-bet" improved varieties and crop management systems for wheat, barley and pulse and forage legumes
2. To evaluate and select new, improved germplasm of wheat, barley and pulse and forage legumes for promotion in demonstration programs
3. To evaluate and select new, improved crop management technologies for promotion in demonstration programs
4. To facilitate agricultural planning and development through utilisation of GIS and crop modelling
5. To develop, evaluate and promote efficient and sustainable local seed production and supply systems
6. To monitor and evaluate adoption and impacts of project technologies, and identify enabling policy options to enhance uptake by farmers
7. To enhance capacity of Iraqi research and extension programs to develop and promote improved conservation cropping technologies.
The second project reporting/planning meeting was held at ICARDA on 19-23 September 2010, with 45 participants: 30 from Iraq, 3 from Australia and 12 from ICARDA. 2008-09 activities and achievements were presented and the 2009-10 workplan developed/agreed.
In Ninevah, demonstrations of ZT versus traditional cultivation with high and low seed rates with barley, bread wheat and durum wheat were established at 13 locations with 13 farmers. Chickpea was included at the Al Kosh site. Rainfall varied from 123 to 547mm with harvests good in 10 locations. Demonstrations covered 168 ha, with 161ha of ZT.
Numbers of farmers and areas of ZT outside the demonstrations were as follows:
- 20 farmers grew 5135ha of ZT using their modified local seeders
- 1 farmer grew 30ha of ZT using a new ZT seeder made by farmers/Riad Hamdoun Engineering Mosul
- 6 farmers grew 483ha of ZT crops using the three 4m-wide trailed ZT tine seeders from Syria
- area grown using 14 new Syrian seeders funded by USA project in Twajna, Hamdania unreported
Overall, 6000ha of ZT crops were grown by 54 farmers in Ninevah. About 80% of this area was actual adoption, by farmers using their own or a rented/borrowed ZT seeder.
Field days were held in Ninevah at demonstration sites in Al Namroud on 14 May, Al Kosh on 15-6 May and Tel Kief on 23-24 May, with some 120 farmers and technicians attending from Ninevah and neighbouring Anbar, Kirkuk and Wasit Governorates. There were presentations and inspections of ZT demonstrations with wheat, barley, lentil, chickpea and lentil; seed rate comparisons; and new oat and pea crop introductions. Farmers were very interested in local ZT seeders and the excellent performance of ZT crops.
In linked participatory extension in Syria, farmer demonstrations were established in 11 locations across north and west Syria. Some 450+ farmers established 15,000+ha of ZT crops. About 70% of this area was actual adoption, by farmers using their own or a rented or borrowed ZT seeder. The rest was sown with local ZT seeders provided without cost or charge by ICARDA, Aga Khan Foundation and Aleppo Agricultural Machinery Center.
Autumn field days were held in Syria in October-November at 9 Aga Khan on-farm demonstration sites at planting of ZT/CC treatments. A spring field day planned on 3 May for the Extension Training Course was cancelled due to security concerns and replaced with visits to Aga Khan farmers and the GCSAR Research Station in Salamiya.
Some ZT farmer fields, as well as research trials at ICARDA, were used during training courses involving Iraqi and Syrian researchers, extension officers and farmers, and for many visitors, to inspect and discuss ZT. It was a first exposure for many to trials and demonstrations on crop management issues such as ZT, low seed rates and early planting and they were impressed by possibilities for improved yields and reduced costs.
In Ninevah, 33 research trials were conducted, with 23 at UniMosul and SBAR on evaluation of elite lines and varieties of wheat, barley, chickpea, lentil, faba bean, vetch, lathyrus, oats and peas and 10 at UniMosul on crop management involving weed surveys, hardpan amelioration, press wheels, ZT vs CC/herbicide comparisons in wheat and irrigation-fertilizer responses in peas. Trials grew well with harvesting in May/June.
At ICARDA, 14 trials for ZT technology verification/refinement and Iraqi scientist and farmer training were conducted on: crop and variety performance under ZT and CC; time, seed rate and depth of sowing; evaluation of alternative crops (oilseeds, oats, peas); and increasing wheat frequency in wheat-lentil-camelina rotations. All trials established and grew well with 259mm of rain. Growth was generally better from ZT than CC and early than late sowing. Cereals and legumes did best with early planting, 50-100kg/ha seed rate, 4-8cm seeding depth, and press wheels. Trials were harvested in May/June.
In Iraq, local ZT seeder fabrication continued with the Ninevah farmer group Eighteen ZT modification kits costing $1,200 were made with 17 fitted to farmer seeders and one given to the University of Mosul for teaching. These 17 new seeders, plus the 3 prototypes made earlier, were used to sow 5135ha of ZT crops. A new 2.3m ZT seeder for small farmers was fabricated by the farmer group together with Riad Hamdoun Engineering in Mosul and used to sow 30ha on one farmer field. The farmer group set up and registered the "Mosul Conservation Farming Group" and hopes to interact with other No Till Farmer's Associations.
In Syria, collaboration on ZT seeder fabrication was expanded to include 3 more manufacturers in north eastern Syria, who all produced excellent ZT seeders. There are now 7 manufacturers in Syria, which provides more diversity and locations for purchase and maintenance by Syrian and Iraqi farmers and projects. Between 2008 to mid-2011, Syrian manufacturers had made 65 ZT seeders for local and regional clients.
Major efforts by DOA, UniMosul and SBAR to develop on-farm seed production continued. Spike/line selection and production of foundation seed of wheat and barley varieties continued. New varieties from ICARDA were introduced into the program. The 21 VBSE farmer seed growers planted 100t of certified durum wheat purchased with funds provided by the Ninevah Governor and 83t of seed produced in 2009-10 and expect, with access to irrigation, to harvest over 1820t of seed. This would exceed the project target of 9 VBSE groups producing 100t of seed.
Major efforts were also made to undertake the socio-economic survey on adoption and impact of project technologies (especially ZT) and technical and financial aspects of farmer seed production. Following the training course on surveying and data collection at ICARDA in February, participating UniMosul and DOA staff arranged and coordinated surveys to collect data from 500 farmers, from demonstration locations and from seed producers. Surveying is proceeding following harvest and, once data is assembled in Ninevah, it will be analysed and evaluated in Baghdad.
In capacity enhancement at ICARDA, there were 73 Iraqi scientist and technician training visits with 43 participating in 6 formal training courses and 30 in the annual meeting where one Australian collaborator gave a seminar on achievements of the ACIAR Project on enhancing profitability, production and quality of wheat in India. This training, with Australian partners delivering two of the courses and an Iraqi partner delivering one, was focused on specific priority areas for the project: Photography and presentations; Seed enterprises and marketing; Socio-economic surveying and evaluation; ZT seeder design, fabrication and operation; Variety identification, maintenance and seed production; and Participatory extension. In addition, 24 scientists, farmers and machinery manufacturers from Syria and North Africa also participated in the ZT and extension courses. The mix of trainees from different countries provides rich exchange of experiences and ideas.
Two visits, one by 9 Iraqi, 13 Syrian, and 5 North African/Turkish scientists and seeder manufacturers for ZT seeder training, and the other by 13 Iraqi and 6 Syrian extension officers for participatory extension training, which involved field visits to collaborating machinery manufacturers, farmers, extension offices and research stations, were valuable in enhancing knowledge of ZT seeders and effective participatory R, D and E.
Eleven Iraqis and 2 Syrians travelled to Australia on study visits and post-graduate training. After long delays, one PhD and 4 MSc students started English studies and research proposal development in January-February 2011 in preparation for enrolment at the Universities of Adelaide and Western Australia. Following English evaluation, it is clear that language training will take at least 12-18 months rather than the allowed 6 months.
Six Iraqi and 2 Syrian extension officers/researchers undertook an extension/zero tillage study visit to Western Australia in August/September 2010, visiting research and extension centres and participating in field days.
Unfortunately, 3 trainees who travelled in May-June 2010 to Australia on a weed management study visit to the University of Adelaide (2) and a conservation cropping PhD to the University of Western Australia (1) had difficulty settling into their studies and returned to Iraq in August, before training was completed.
Project activities and developments were communicated to scientists, farmers, students, policy makers and the public in many ways. ICARDA receives a large number of visitors each year; many were shown project R & D activities with selected groups also travelling outside ICARDA to visit local ZT seeder manufacturers and farmers adopting ZT.
The project generated considerable publicity and media coverage in Australia, following visits by journalists from the ABC and Cosmos Science magazine. Detailed project information including project documents, reports and presentations was updated on the ICARDA web site (http://www.icarda.cgiar.org/ACIAR/Index.htm).
The project collaborated with Syrian Extension and Research Directorates to develop an extension/demonstration film for TV to raise farmer awareness of conservation cropping and its benefits for local agriculture. The 18 minute film, in Arabic, is excellent and was broadcast regularly on Syrian TV before autumn planting. DVDs were distributed to Iraqi trainees and other visitors.
Since ZT technology was first exposed and introduced into Iraq by the previous project in 2006-07, the known area of ZT crops has increased to about 6,000ha in 2010-11. In project-related development in Syria where the technology was similarly little known or tested, total ZT area from project interactions was about 15,000ha in 2010-11. The on-going increase in awareness, research and development of the technology, the keen involvement of manufacturers and farmers in ZT seeder fabrication and testing and taking up ZT, and the higher yields and lower costs being experienced, provide a good foundation and confidence for wider adoption and impact. In Iraq, interest and visits from other Governorates are spreading ZT technology beyond Ninevah.
The project has greatly increased awareness and experience of ZT technology. The Ministries of Agriculture in both Iraq and Syria are considering adoption of conservation cropping as a major platform for future dryland cropping systems development.

The first year of this project was occupied with the fuelwood survey, identification of community collaborators,, establishment of two nurseries and establishment of 11 model planting sites covering the highlands and National Capital Development to evaluate fuelwood species and systems.
The fuelwood survey aims to understand the flow of fuelwood and the business environment surrounding it. Approximately 3,000 questionnaires were fielded in the National Capital District (NCD), Lae urban and rural districts (in Morobe Province), Mt Hagen urban and rural districts, (in Western Highlands) rural districts of Henganofi (Eastern Highlands) and Chuave (Chimbu Province). These areas were targeted by the survey because they are known to be fuelwood-stressed. Different questionnaires were presented to urban and rural domestic fuelwood users to assess the physical and social dimensions of their fuelwood and general energy use. Fuelwood sellers were also surveyed. In-depth monitoring of the daily fuelwood use of a representative range of households was undertaken to corroborate the estimates of fuelwood use made in the questionnaires. Our NGO partner, Foundation for People and Community Development (FPCD) undertook the groundwork for this part of the survey. Further understanding of the fuelwood economy was gained through semi-structured interviews of commercial or industrial users of fuelwood (e.g. hot-food vendors, lime burners, plantation factories etc) and institutional stakeholders in the fuelwood economy. This work was done by partners at the PNG Forest Research Institute (FRI). At the time of reporting the survey material is still being collated and analysed.
The aim of planting fuelwood species over a range of field sites and systems to evaluate performance under different environmental and management regimes and to serve as model plantings for communities to evaluate for their own application. The key innovation here is growing trees as short-rotation coppicing (SRC) systems. The experiment is not just to see how the trees grow, but also how the landholders respond to these ways of growing trees
The project has established both densely-planted woodlots (1.5m * 1.0m and 1.5m * 2.0m) and contour-hedgerow, or alley cropping, agroforestry systems (double-row hedgerows with 0.5m along row and 0.6m between rows, distance between hedgerows vary between 5-10 m depending on slope). There are 6 sites in Western Highlands, 2 sites in Chimbu province and 3 sites in the NCD. The species being trialled in the highlands as SRC woodlots are: Casuarina junghuhniana, C. oligodon, Eucalyptus grandis, E. pellita, and E. robusta. The highland alley cropping species are Calliandra calothyrsus, Casuarina junghuhniana and Leucaena diversifolia. The lowland SRC woodlot species in the NCD are Azadirachta indica, Casuarina equisetifolia, Casuarina junghuhniana, Calliandra calothyrsus, Eucalyptus alba, E. pellita and E. tereticornis
The 'species of choice' for highlanders is the local Casuarina oligodon, known as Yar. Yar is an excellent firewood which can be burnt very soon after harvest, but unfortunately it does not coppice. So we are trialling Casuarina junghuhniana which is indigenous to Indonesia, highly suitable for firewood and charcoal and reported to coppice. It is not found in PNG. Our farmers have responded well to the nickname of 'Indoyar' for this tree and are very pleased with its early growth which has far exceeded both the upland yar and coastal yar (C. equistifolia). Calliandra calothyrsus prefers relatively low altitudes and planting it in the uplands at altitudes of up to 2,000m may be considered by some to be 'heroic'. But we hope that it will still perform well given the relatively favourable rainfall (annual average ~ 2,600mm) and temperature (average range 12 - 29C) of this region. So far, so good.
We sought to include indigenous high-altitude (>1500 m) species that could be developed as SRC firewood crops and farmers around Mt Hagen suggested Kumbuk (Thyllanthus flaviflorus). We have seen it grow well and fast from cuttings in a farmer's field but so far our efforts with this species have not produced plants.
The eucalypts chosen include those evaluated in international trials and for which genetically improved seed was used (E. pellita, E. camaldulensis), species with a track record in PNG (E. grandis, E. robusta). as well as the local eucalypt round Port Moresby, E. alba. These will probably best be kept in woodlot systems rather than the hedgerow systems because of their known competitiveness with agricultural crops.
So far the trees in the majority of sites are growing very well and even where they are not flourishing we are still getting good information.
Approximately 18,000 trees have been planted with the on-ground direction of our NGO partners HOPEworldwide (in NCD) and Peoples Action for Rural Development (in highlands). Both NGOs were trained in nursery management and raised the project's seedlings. Colleagues at FRI were closely involved with seed sowing, nursery training and tree establishment.