The first and second phase of the Alternatives to Slash and Burn programme in Indonesia have embarked on a 'characterization' and 'diagnosis' of benchmark areas in Sumatra. A range of land use systems was included to identify 'best bet' options, on the basis of profitability/productivity, biodiversity and greenhouse gas emissions. Research to date has established these attributes for major land use systems. The current proposal will complete the second phase of the ASB research, by focusing on the trade-off between productivity/profitability and environmental values (greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity and watershed protection) within the 'best bet' land use options which have been identified. This work would thus complement the GEF funded phase (with emphasis on comparisons between major land use types) and help integrate results with ongoing efforts by CIFOR (biodiversity assessment) and ICRAF (policy analysis, funded by the Asian Development Bank) within the ASB framework.